增材制造用高温合金粉末制备技术及研究进展
doi: 10.19591/j.cnki.cn11-1974/tf.2021030038
Preparation technology and research progress of superalloy powders used for additive manufacturing
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摘要: 球形粉末是增材制造、粉末冶金、注射成型等制备工艺的重要原料，其成分、粒度、球形度、空心粉率等是影响最终构件性能的关键因素。本文详细介绍了真空感应熔炼气雾化法、电极感应熔炼气雾化法以及等离子旋转电极雾化法等三种可用于增材制造的工程化高温合金球形粉末的制备技术，分析了这三种制粉工艺的特点，阐述了这三种制粉工艺的研发进展，探讨了三种制粉工艺所制备的粉末缺陷形成原因及控制方法，并提出了增材制造用高温合金粉末制备技术的发展趋势。
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关键词:
- 高温合金 /
- 球形粉末 /
- 增材制造 /
- 粉末缺陷
Abstract: Spherical powders are the important raw materials used for the preparation technology as the additive manufacturing, powder metallurgy, and injection molding. The composition, particle size, sphericility, and hollow powder rate of the spherical powders are the key factors for the final component performance. Three kinds of manufacture techniques for the engineering superalloy spherical powders as the vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA), electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA), and plasma rotating electrode atomization (PREP) used for the additive manufacturing were described in this paper, the characteristics and research progress of these three kinds of manufacture techniques were analyzed, the defect formation reason and control method of the powders prepared by these three kinds of manufacture techniques were discussed, and the development trend of the superalloy powder preparation technologies used for the additive manufacturing was proposed.-
Key words:
- superalloys /
- spherical powders /
- additive manufacturing /
- powder defects
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图 1 真空感应熔炼气体雾化法原理图[ 8]
Figure 1. Schematic of VIGA[ 8]
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图 2 不同粒径粉末显微形貌[ 9]：（a）和（c）15～53 μm；（b）和（d）54～180 μm
Figure 2. Microstructures of the powders in different particle sizes[ 9]: (a) and (c) 15~53 μm; (b) and (d) 54~180 μm
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图 3 电极感应熔炼气体雾化法原理图[ 10]
Figure 3. Schematic of EIGA[ 10]
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图 4 电极感应熔炼气体雾化粉末粒径分布（a）和微观形貌（b）[ 11]
Figure 4. Particle size distributions (a) and microstructure (b) of EIGA powders[ 11]
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图 5 等离子旋转电极雾化原理图[ 13]
Figure 5. Schematic of PREP[ 13]
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图 6 等离子旋转电极雾化制备的Inconel718合金粉末微观组织和显微形貌[ 15]
Figure 6. Microstructures of the Inconel718 alloy powders prepared by PREP[ 15]
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图 7 Inconel718粉末形貌[ 15]：（a）等离子旋转电极雾化；（b）真空感应熔炼气雾化
Figure 7. Powder morphology of Inconel718[ 15]: (a) PREP; (b) VIGA
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图 8 袋式破碎机制及空心粉形成机理[ 29‒ 30]
Figure 8. Bag breakup mode and the hollow particle formation mechanism[ 29‒ 30]
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图 9 粉末中的非金属夹杂物[ 33]
Figure 9. Non-metallic inclusions in powder[ 33]
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