黄河流域全新世古洪水研究进展及展望
Research progress of the Holocene paleoflood in the Yellow River basin and a future prospect
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摘要:
全新世古洪水研究能够弥补近现代洪水监测记录在时间和空间上的局限性，更加科学地查明洪灾规律及机制，已逐步成为当今全球变化研究的热点之一。黄河流域由于独特的地质地貌条件，历史时期以来洪灾频发、影响巨大，而且现今洪水风险依然很大，是我国古洪水研究的重点区域。本文围绕近十年来黄河流域全新世古洪水研究在沉积特征、古水文重建、年代框架及其与文明兴衰关系等方面的研究成果，综述了当前研究中面临的主要问题和发展趋势，认为应加强流域内不同地貌位置的古洪水研究，综合分析、交互验证，完善黄河流域全新世古洪水序列及年代框架，深入挖掘“区域气候背景-异常洪水事件-人类活动”之间的相互关系，为全球变化背景下黄河流域洪水预测、防治及风险评估等提供科学依据。
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关键词:
- 古洪水 /
- 滞留沉积物 /
- 全新世 /
- 黄河流域
Abstract:The study of Holocene paleoflood can remedy the limitation of modern flood monitoring records in time and space, and more scientifically identify the flooding regulations and mechanisms. It has gradually become one of the hotspots of the research of global changes. Due to the unique geological conditions in the Yellow River basin, floods have frequently happened in the Holocene history. The present flood risk is still very high in the basin, and therefore, it is one of the key areas of paleoflood research in China. This paper focuses on the research results of the paleoflood in the Yellow River basin published in the past ten years with special interests in sedimentary characteristics, hydrological reconstruction, chronological framework, and its relation to the rise and fall of civilization. Key problems and development trends of the current researches are also discussed, and it is suggested that the records of ancient floods at different geomorphologic locations in the basin should be further collected.
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Key words:
- paleoflood /
- slack-water deposits /
- the Holocene /
- the Yellow River basin
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图 1 近十年来黄河流域全新世古洪水研究剖面位置图
Figure 1.
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图 2 黄河流域古洪水文化序列对比
Figure 2.
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图 3 黄河洪泛平原异常洪沉积模式及相应频率曲线 （据文献[ 59]改编）
Figure 3.
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图 4 黄河下游洪水沉积频率曲线图 （据文献[ 48]改编）
Figure 4.
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表 1 黄河流域古洪水水文信息重建
Table 1. Comparison of paleoflood hydrological information of some research sites in the Yellow River Basin
河段 古洪水期次 古洪水水位/m 古洪水洪峰流量/
（m3/s）近现代洪水实测最大
洪峰流量/（m3/s）方法 来源 上游靖远-景泰段 3200～3000 1310.3 12750～16310 5600 HEC-RAS [ 16] 洮河 480～300 1756.43～1759.75 4685～6700 2370 HEC-RAS [ 17] 渭河 1800～1600 1068.63～1073.15 11420～20100 4920 HEC-RAS [ 19] 晋陕峡谷马头关段 1900～1700
3400～3000520.1～524.5 25200～51500 24000 HEC-RAS [ 18] 晋陕峡谷龙门段 3200～2800 407.53～408.14 46280～48800 24000 HEC-RAS [ 23] 晋陕峡谷柳林滩段 3200～3000 640.05～640.91 48190～52260 24000 比降-面积 [ 24] 北洛河 7600～7400
5800～5000
4200～4000635.85 12600～14100 6280 比降-面积 [ 10] 延河 9500～8500 778.3 15000 6860 HEC-RAS [ 25]
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表 2 黄河流域全新世古洪水研究剖面位置及年代数据
Table 2. The age data and location of the Holocene paleoflood research profiles
序号 河段 剖面位置 经纬度 年代获取方法 洪水时间/aBP 数据来源 1 上游 景泰峡谷段 36.7167°N
103.7167°E光释光测年 3200～3000 [ 14] [ 16] 2 喇家遗址剖面 36.4417°N
103.4172°E光释光测年、 放射性碳测年 4380～3970
2850～2720
2310～2140[ 26] 3 积石峡 35.8603°N
102.8147°E放射性碳测年 3870 [ 27] 4 洮河 35.8333°N、103.5000°E 光释光测年、考古年代、地层对比 300～480 [ 17] 5 中游 漆水河杨凌段 34.2989°N
108.1125°E光释光测年、考古年代 4300～4000
3100～3000[ 7] 6 渭河上游 34.5583°N
106.0278°E光释光测年、考古年代 1800～1600 [ 28] 7 渭河天水段 34.6000°N
106.1850°E地层对比、考古年代 3200～3000
1800～1600[ 19] 8 渭河宝鸡段 34.3333°N
106.8333°E地层对比、考古年代 3200～3000 [ 29] 9 渭河千河流域 34.4667°N
108.9167°E光释光测年 6000～5000 [ 30] 10 渭河支流石川河 34.7056°N
109.1997°E光释光测年、放射性碳测年 8900～9200
6200～6600
4100～4700
3700～3900
2300～2600[ 31] 11 渭河临潼段 34.4167°N
109.1667°E光释光测年 3200～3000 [ 32] 12 渭河咸阳段 34.3000°N
108.5833°E光释光测年 3200～2800 [ 33] [ 34] 13 泾河高陵段 34.3333°N
108.9833°E光释光测年、考古年代 4200～4000
3200～2800[ 35] [ 36] 14 马莲河合水段 35.6861°N
107.9167°E地层对比 4200～4000 [ 37] 15 北洛河白水段 35.3167°N
109.5806°E地层对比 4500～4000 [ 38] 16 北洛河宜君段 35.3333°N
109.4167°E光释光测年 地层对比 7600～7400
5800～5000
4200～4000[ 10] 17 晋陕峡谷吉县段 36.2667°N
110.4667°E光释光测年、地层对比 9000～8500
3200～3000[ 39] 18 晋陕峡谷永和关段 36.8533°N110.4269°E 光释光测年、地层对比 3200～3000 [ 20] 19 晋陕峡谷马头关段 36.5904°N
110.4849°E光释光测年 3400～3000
1900～1700[ 18] 20 晋陕峡谷柳林滩段 38.3818°N
110.7383°E光释光测年 10800～10200
10600～9600[ 15] 21 晋陕峡谷龙门段 36.7500°N
110.5625°E光释光测年 地层对比 3200～2800
1800～1700
770～610[ 40] [ 41] 22 晋陕峡谷吴堡段 37.3917°N
110.6306°E光释光测年、地层对比 3200～2900 [ 42] 23 二里头遗址剖面 34.6887°N
112.6875°E光释光测年、放射性碳测年 6000～5500
4000～3800
1800～1700[ 43] 24 下游 开封段 34.7943°N
114.3069°E放射性碳测年 考古年代 308 [ 44] 25 内黄三杨庄剖面 35.7275°N
114.7734°E放射性碳测年、考古年代 4200～2000 [ 45] 26 内黄大张龙剖面 35.9946°N
114.8692°E放射性碳测年 902～822 [ 46] 27 内黄岸上剖面 35.8757°N
114.723°E光释光测年、放射性碳测年、考古年代 4200～3000 [ 47] 28 菏泽段 35.1150°N
115.5310°E光释光测年、放射性碳测年、考古年代 4000～3500 [ 48]
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