河西走廊西段花海断裂几何学、运动学及区域构造意义
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.227
Geometry, Kinematics and Regional Tectonic Significance of the Huahai Fault in the Western Hexi Corridor, NW China
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摘要: 花海断裂位于河西走廊西段花海盆地内，总体走向NNW-SSE，长约38 km，为一条隐伏断裂，研究其空间展布、运动性质和活动历史对于理解青藏高原北缘的构造变形和扩展方式有重要意义.基于卫片解译、野外实地和槽探，结合光释光测年和地球物理资料，发现沿双泉子、大泉至小泉一带，发育一段长约8 km的地形陡坎，代表断裂控制下褶皱作用的地形表现.沿陡坎走向向南，断裂一直隐伏延伸至宽滩山和黑山以北.现有资料分析表明，断裂经历了早白垩世的正断、晚白垩的逆冲运动.新生代以来，断裂继承了之前的逆冲运动并一直持续至全新世中晚期.高原北缘的侧向扩展，使得作为三危山与阿尔金断裂之间块体边界的三危山、干峡山、宽滩山和塔尔湾-登登山-池家刺窝断裂发生以左旋走滑为主兼有逆冲的变形，导致了边界断裂控制山体的隆升，而内部的块体受压剪作用向北东运动.花海断裂的逆冲运动即是该次构造活动事件的响应.
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关键词:
- 青藏高原 /
- 河西走廊西段 /
- 花海断裂 /
- 新生代 /
- 活动历史 /
- 构造学
Abstract: The NNW-SSE striking Huahai fault develops in the Huahai Basin in the western Hexi corridor. Its spatial distribution, kinematics and activity are significance for understanding the tectonic deformation and outgrowth of the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the interpretation of satellite images, field surveying, trenching, optical luminescence dating and existing geophysical data, the characteristics of Huahai fault are reported. A landform scarp develops along the Huahai fault, which is approximate 8 km long from Shuangquanzi, Daquan to Xiaoquan. This scarp is caused by the fault related folding. The fault extends southward to the northern Kuantanshan and Heishan ranges indicated by scarps, springs and landforms. The Huahai fault was once a normal fault in the Early Cretaceous, and was inversed to be a thrust fault in the Late Cretaceous. During the Cenozoic, the northward growth of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau resulted in development of a series of sinistrally transpressive faults such as the Sanweishan, Ganxiashan, Kuantanshan and Taerwan-Dengdengshan-Chijiaoziwo faults. These faults are boundaries of blocks between the Sanweishan and Altyn Tagh faults, and cause the uplift of the mountain ranges along faults, and the northeastward movement of blocks among faults. The thrusting of the Huahai fault is the response of this recent tectonic event.-
Key words:
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau /
- western Hexi corridor /
- Huahai fault /
- Cenozoic /
- activity history /
- tectonics
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图 1 青藏高原北缘主要断裂展布
Fig. 1. The distribution of main faults in Northern Tibet
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图 2 河西走廊西段新构造图
F1.昌马断裂；F2.祁连山北缘断裂；F3.玉门断裂；F4.白杨河断裂；F5.新民堡断裂；F6.阴洼山断裂；F7.嘉峪关-文殊山断裂；F8.阿尔金断裂（宽滩山段）；F9.黑山断裂；F10.塔尔湾-登登山-池家刺窝断裂；F11.干峡山断裂；F12花海断裂；F13.红旗山断裂；深蓝色虚线指示 图 4中地震剖面位置，蓝色方框指示花海断裂位置
Fig. 2. Neotectonics map in western Hexi corridor
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图 3 花海断裂平面展布及地貌特征
a.花海断裂卫星影像（来源于Google Earth）；b.花海断裂及周边地层解译图；c, d.花海断裂地形陡坎延伸
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution and geomorphological characteristics of the Huahai fault
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图 4 探槽HTC01处地貌及南壁解译图
Fig. 4. Geomorphology and interpretation of the south wall of the trench No. HTC01
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图 5 探槽HTC02处地貌及南壁解译图
①砾石层，具水平层理；②砾石层，具水平层理，靠近断层处砾石发生逆时针旋转；③中粗砂层，被断层错断；④砾石层，水平层理明显，靠近断层处向下弯曲
Fig. 5. Geomorphology and interpretation of the south wall of the trench No. HTC02
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图 6 探槽HTC02北壁揭露的地层局部变形
a.南壁白色盐碱质层（U5）宽缓褶皱与背斜核部张裂隙; b.生长正断层（U3）
Fig. 6. Local deformation of the stratum revealed in the north wall of trench HTC02
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图 7 花海盆地及周边小震震中分布（数据来源于中国地震台网中心）
Fig. 7. The distribution of epicentral of small earthquakes in and surrounding the Huahai Basin (data from China Earthquake Networks Center)
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图 8 花海断裂空间展布与延伸
白色虚线圈定花海盆地范围，HHF：花海断裂；TDCF：塔尔湾-登登山-池家刺窝断裂；GXSF.干峡山断裂；KTSF.宽滩山断裂；HSF.黑山断裂；AB和CD.深部地震剖面，位置见 图 2；Ank.前白垩系；K1c.下白垩统赤金堡组；K1g.下白垩统下沟组；K1z.下白垩统中沟组；E.古近系；N.新近系；Q.第四系
Fig. 8. Space distribution and extension of Huahai fault
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图 9 穿越花海断裂地震剖面
Ank.前白垩系；K1c.下白垩统赤金堡组；K1g.下白垩统下沟组；K1z.下白垩统中沟组；E.古近系；N.新近系；Q.第四系；M和N.方框范围内原始剖面；①②③对应不同的活动时期; AB剖面.据 覃素华等(2013)修改；CD剖面.据 李明杰（2006）；修改剖面位置见 图 1
Fig. 9. Seismic interpretation profile cross the Huahai fault
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图 10 花海盆地中新统底界三维图
黄色箭头指示断裂位置；原始资料据 李庆山等（1994）
Fig. 10. 3D map of the Miocene bottom boundary in the Huahai basin
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图 11 青藏高原北缘构造变形模式图
NQLSTFS.北祁连逆冲断裂系；YMF.玉门断裂；BYHF.白杨河断裂；XMPF.新民堡断裂；YWSF.阴洼山断裂；JYGF.嘉峪关断裂；JTNSF.金塔南山北缘断裂；TDCF.塔尔湾.登登山.池家刺窝断裂；GXSF.干峡山断裂；HHF.花海断裂；DXF.鼎新断裂；ATF.阿尔金断裂；NJSF.南截山断裂；SWSF.三危山断裂；黄色箭头指示GPS速度场方向；参考 李煜航等（2015）
Fig. 11. Tectonic deformation model of the northern margin of the Tibet
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表 1 研究区内新生代地层主要特征
Table 1. Description and era of the Cenozoic strata in the study area
地层名称 地层描述 地层时代 资料来源 火烧沟组（Eh） 该组厚250~1 000 m，与下覆地层呈平行不整合或角度不整合接触，由棕红色、灰白色泥岩、砂岩组成. 40.2~33.4 Ma 戴霜等(2005) 白杨河组（Nb） 该层在河西走廊内部广泛发育，呈南厚北薄，厚454~929 m，在盆地内与下覆火烧沟组分别呈平行和角度不整合接触，为桔红色、棕红色砂岩、泥岩及互层. 24.2~16.7 Ma Wang et al.(2016) 疏勒河组（Ns） 该层广泛分布于酒西盆地，南厚北薄，与白杨河组呈平行不整合接触，岩性为土黄色、棕黄色泥岩、砂岩和砾岩. 16.0~4.5 Ma 赵志军等(2001)； 方小敏等(2004) 玉门砾岩组（Qp1） 该层为一套砾岩、砂砾岩夹砂岩透镜体内含少量巨砾或岩块漂砾沉积，与下覆疏勒河组或老地层呈不整合接触. 底界年龄3.45~5.23 Ma，顶界年龄在0.9 Ma左右 史正涛等(2001)； 刘栋梁等(2012) 酒泉砾石组（Qp2） 该层为一套冲洪积冲洪积砂砾及亚砂土、亚黏土，厚数十米至百余米 0.84~0.14 Ma 方小敏等(2004)； 刘栋梁等(2012) 戈壁砾石组（Qp3~Qh） 该层为冲洪积砂砾及亚沙土，砂碎石及黄土状亚沙土、亚黏土，厚十余米 0.14~0 Ma 方小敏等(2004)
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表 2 光释光样品测年结果
Table 2. Dating results of OSL samples
野外编号 埋深（m） 环境剂量率（Ga/ka） 等效剂量（Ga） 年龄（ka） OSL-2 1.0 3.5±0.4 20.5±2.0 5.9±0.5 OSL-5 4.5 3.3±0.3 29.5±4.3 8.9±1.4
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