辽宁地区近期中小地震震源机制研究
Focal mechanisms of recent small and moderate earthquakes in Liaoning region
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摘要:
本研究利用CAP方法反演得到了2013—2017年辽宁地区19个3.5级以上地震的震源机制解.结果显示辽宁地区地震的震源机制以走滑类型为主，P轴和T轴方位分别集中在北东东和北北西方向，分别与区域构造应力场主压和主张应力方向一致.矩心深度结果反映辽宁地区在地壳内各个深度的位置都可能孕震，而以地壳中部最为活跃.灯塔地区地壳极浅部曾发生中等强度的地震，在地震减灾工作中需要引起注意.而盖州地区地壳底部仍有少量地震，显示其附近岩石仍具有脆性特性，且该处邻近一级块体边界，贯穿地壳的断层导致下地壳也有地震发生.震源机制结果显示区域构造应力场对辽宁地区大部分地震的发生有着主导作用，在局部地区复杂的断层构造也会对震源机制产生较大影响.
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关键词:
- 震源机制解 /
- CAP方法 /
- 辽宁 /
- 应力场
Abstract:In this study, we use the CAP method to determine the focal mechanisms of 19 earthquakes of magnitudes 3.5 and above in Liaoning Province, China from 2013 to 2017. Results show that earthquakes in Liaoning are predominantly strike-slip, with most of the P- and T-axes oriented in ENE and NNW directions, respectively, consistent with the maximum compressional and extensional axes of the regional tectonic stress field of northeast China. The centroid depths of the earthquakes are distributed in the whole crust, with most in the mid crust. There are extremely shallow moderate earthquakes in the Dengta area, which calls for immediate attention in earthquake disaster prevention efforts. There are also earthquakes near the bottom of the crust in Gaizhou area, indicating that the rocks there still behave in a brittle fashion. Being in the vicinity of an active block boundary, earthquakes near Gaizhou can occur near the bottom of the crust where faults cut through the entire crust. Our results suggest that regional tectonic stress field plays a dominant role in most earthquakes in Liaoning, while in some local areas the complex fault structure may also significantly influence the focal mechanisms.
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Key words:
- Focal mechanism /
- CAP method /
- Liaoning /
- Stress field
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图 1
研究地区构造背景、地震台站及2013—2017年3.5级以上地震分布图.蓝色三角形表示台站位置，灰色圆圈为主要城市.彩色圆圈表示3.5级以上地震，圆圈大小与震级成比例.黑色圆圈为无波形数据的地震事件，黄色、红色和紫色圆圈分别表示深度在0~5 km、5.1~10 km和10.1~15 km的事件.红色粗线显示赤峰—开原和郯庐两条主要断裂带.蓝色粗线为一级块体边界( 张国民等，2005).F1—F5为4.1节和4.2节中提及的地震活动的主要影响断层. F1:营口—佟二堡断裂，F2:朝阳—北票断裂，F3:朱碌科—中三家断裂, F4:营口—海城断裂，F5:金州断裂.右下角图中蓝色方框显示研究地区在东亚的位置
Figure 1.
Tectonic setting of the study areas, and distributions of seismic stations and earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above from 2013 to 2017. Blue triangles represent stations, and gray circles are major cities. Seismic events of magnitudes 3.5 and above are plotted by colored circles, with the sizes of circles proportional to magnitudes. Black circles represent events whose records are not available. Yellow, red and purple circles represent events with focal depths of 0~5 km, 5.1~10 km and 10.1~15 km, respectively. The Chifeng-Kaiyuan and Tanlu fault zones are plotted in thick red lines. Thick blue lines are boundaries of tectonic blocks ( Zhang et al., 2005). F1—F5 are the faults affecting the seismic events mentioned in sections 4.1 and 4.2. F1: Yingkou-Tongerbao Fault, F2: Chaoyang-Beipiao Fault, F3: Zhuluke-Zhongsanjia Fault, F4: Yingkou-Haicheng Fault, F5: Jinzhou Fault. The blue box in the lower-right inset map shows the location of the study region in East Asia
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图 2
2013—2017年辽宁地区3.5级以上地震震源机制.震源机制球大小与矩震级成正比，填充颜色以红色、绿色与蓝色分别表示矩心深度为0~10 km、10~25 km与大于25 km的地震.红色方框为 图 5和 图 8所显示的区域
Figure 2.
Focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes 3.5 and above from 2013 to 2017 in Liaoning. The sizes of the focal mechanism beach balls are proportional to the moment magnitude, with red, green and blue filling colors representing earthquakes with centroid depths of 0~10 km, 10~25 km and greater than 25 km, respectively. The red box indicates the area plotted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 8
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图 3
2013—2017年辽宁地区3.5级以上地震数目随矩心深度分布图
Figure 3.
Distribution of the number of earthquakes vs. centroid depths for earthquakes of magnitudes 3.5 and above in Liaoning from 2013 to 2017
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图 4
本研究CAP反演2013年灯塔MS5.1级地震波形拟合结果. (a) CAP方法得到的最佳震源机制解.(b)波形拟合相对残差随矩心深度变化.横坐标为矩心深度，纵坐标为波形拟合相对残差.矩心深度为1 km时残差最小.(c)波形拟合结果.波形比较中每一行为一个台站的拟合结果，台站自上而下以震中距排序.左边第一列为台站名，台站名下方给出震中距(km)和观测与理论P波初动的到时差(s).右边五列为从该台站三分量记录中切割的五个窗口内波形拟合结果，黑线为观测波形，红线为理论波形.每个窗口波形下方两行数字分别为波形拟合时的理论波形与观测记录之间的时间偏移量(s)及相关系数(%)
Figure 4.
CAP inversion result for the focal mechanism of 2013 MS5.1 Dengta earthquake. (a) The optimal focal mechanism obtained by the CAP method. (b) Change in the relative residual of waveform fitting with centroid depth. The horizontal and vertical axes are centroid depth and relative residual, respectively. The residual is minimum when the centroid depth is 1 km. (c) waveform fitting. Each row shows the comparison for one station, plotted from top to bottom in the order of increasing epicentral distance. The first column on the left is the station name, with the epicentral distance (km) and the difference in arrival times (s) between the observed and theoretical P waves given below the station name. The five rows on the right are the waveform fittings in the five windows cut from the three-component records. The black lines are records, and red lines are synthetics. The two numbers below each waveform trace are the time shifts (s) and correlation coefficients (%) between the theoretical and recorded waveforms
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图 5
盖州东北与西北两震群3.5级以上地震震源机制及主要断层分布.黑色小圆圈显示震中位置，黑色线条为主要断层.震源机制球大小与矩震级成正比，颜色代表地震的矩心深度.蓝色粗线条为一级块体边界
Figure 5.
Major faults and focal mechanisms of earthquakes of magnitudes 3.5 and above in the two cluster northeast and northwest of Gaizhou. Small black circles show the locations of epicenters, while the black lines are the major faults. The sizes of focal mechanism beach balls are proportional to the moment magnitudes, and the colors indicates the centroid depths of the earthquakes. The thick blue line depicts the boundary of tectonic blocks
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图 6
表 3中第5号地震CAP反演波形拟合结果.图中线段与符号与 图 4相同
Figure 6.
CAP inversion result for earthquake No.5 in Table 3. All the lines and symbols are the same as in Fig. 4
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图 7
表 3中第12号地震CAP反演波形拟合结果.图中线段与符号与 图 4相同
Figure 7.
CAP inversion result for earthquake No. 12 in Table 3.All the lines and symbols are the same as in Fig. 4
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图 8
盖州北部两个震群的地震震源机制的(a)P轴与主压应力轴和(b)T轴与主张应力轴方位分布图.蓝色线段与箭头为盖州西北海岸震群，红色线段与箭头为盖州东北青石岭震群.箭头显示P轴与T轴的方位角，线段长度显示仰角大小，线段最长时仰角为0°(P轴或T轴在水平面内)，线段长度为零时仰角为90°(P轴或T轴垂直)
Figure 8.
Distributions of (a) P and principal compressive stress axis and (b) T and principal extensional stress axis of the two earthquake clusters northwest (blue lines and arrows) and northeast (red lines and arrows) of Gaizhou. The blue lines are for the earthquake cluster in the coastal area northwest of Gaizhou, and the red lines are for the earthquake cluster near Qingshiling area northeast of Gaizhou. The arrows show the azimuth angles of the P and T axes, and the length of the line segments indicate the dip angles. A longest line segment indicates a dip angle of 0° (a horizontal axis), whereas a zero-length line segment means a dip angle of 90° (a vertical axis)
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表 2
本研究中CAP反演的参数设置
Table 2.
The CAP inversion parameters used in this study
震级范围 带通波滤频带(Hz) Pnl波与面波在反演中的
权重比距离衰减因子 截取时窗长度(s) Pnl波 面波 Pnl波 面波 Pnl波 面波 M≥5 0.05~0.15 0.05~0.10 2 1 0.5 40 70 M＜5 0.05~0.20 0.05~0.15 1.5 0.8 0.3 35 70
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表 3
CAP反演得到的2013—2017年辽宁3.5级以上地震震源机制解
Table 3.
Focal mechanisms of earthquakes of magnitudes 3.5 and above from 2013 to 2017 in Liaoning obtained by the CAP method
地震
序号发震日期
与时间经度
(°E)纬度
(°N)深度1与矩心深度
/km震级2与
矩震级走向/倾角/滑动角
两共轭面(°)P/T轴方位角
P/T轴倾伏角(°)震源机制球
震中地点1 2013-01-23
12:18:15.1123.20 41.50 10
1.05.1
4.94102/64/-7
195/84/15461.6/325.8
22.8/13.4
灯塔2 2013-03-30
14:05:13.8122.41 40.49 8
14.44.0
3.62307/71/46
198/47/15467.49/172.68
14.52/45.33
盖州东北青石岭3 2013-03-31
12:53:01.5122.41 40.48 8
22.23.9
3.7763/39/19
318/78/12719.98/264.70
23.87/43.98
盖州东北青石岭4 2013-04-16
00:45:13.7122.42 40.51 6
13.73.8
3.59248/60/19
148/74/149200.58/104.64
8.87/33.57
盖州东北青石岭5 2013-04-24
03:45:37.6122.39 40.50 7
30.13.7
3.79128/73/60
11/34/149240.46/2.58
22.36/52.41
盖州东北青石岭6 2013-04-24
19:39:00.4122.40 40.50 6.5
17.23.5
3.5571/80/27
336/63/169200.95/296.48
11.15/26.04
盖州东北青石岭7 2014-02-11
09:15:08.9122.32 40.47 9
20.13.6
3.64272/58/-11
8/81/148234.73/136.04
29.28/15.09
盖州西北海岸8 2014-02-24
10:30:13.6122.31 40.47 12
18.03.6
3.71130/83/27
36/63/172260.37/356.45
13.44/23.88
盖州西北海岸9 2014-03-14
20:35:41.4121.93 41.82 5.5
18.33.5
3.56299/74/-4
30/86/164255.64/163.51
14.02/8.48
黑山10 2014-03-26
03:28:34.9122.32 40.48 8
21.03.7
3.64125/53/30
16/66/13971.22/332.89
8.23/45.06
盖州西北海岸11 2014-04-18
09:07:27.9122.32 40.47 8
15.33.7
3.58108/57/29
1/66/14356.42/321.30
5.60/42.27
盖州西北海岸12 2014-06-26
04:05:51.8122.32 40.47 8
28.54.1
4.34283/34/12
183/83/123246.21/124.58
30.27/41.49
盖州西北海岸13 2014-08-22
07:54:43.4122.32 40.46 8
19.94.3
4.03111/49/-27
219/70/13683.85/340.75
44.92/12.80
盖州西北海岸14 2015-08-04
12:15:27.0122.43 40.51 6.1
13.64.3
4.42326/51/50
199/53/128263.04/170.66
1.38/59.99
盖州东北青石岭15 2015-08-09
19:29:37.9123.04 42.72 0
5.03.6
3.46181/60/81
19/31/105277.56/68.20
14.55/73.41
康平16 2015-11-23
03:57:43.0122.44 40.81 9
15.74.0
4.24354/67/-22
93/70/155314.14/223.01
31.34/1.86
大石桥17 2016-05-22
17:08:04.0120.09 41.62 6
20.64.5
4.56130/22/-18
237/83/111124.71/344.80
47.52/35.01
朝阳18 2016-10-29
02:58:12.1119.75 41.33 8
16.84.3
3.98119/70/-3
210/87/16076.29/342.80
16.06/11.95
喀左19 2017-09-07
03:38:32.6122.18 40.32 13
15.23.5
3.57152/63/-37
261/58/147114.28/207.55
44.44/3.33
盖州西南海岸注：1深度为辽宁省地震目录提供震源深度.2震级为辽宁省地震目录震级，其中第1、16、17号地震事件的震级为面波震级MS，其他为里氏震级ML.
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表 1
本研究中所使用的一维分层地球模型
Table 1.
Layered Earth model used in this study
层序 厚度
/kmP波速度
/(km·s-1)S波速度
/(km·s-1)密度
/(g·cm-3)1 1 2.50 1.07 2.11 2 14 6.10 3.53 2.74 3 5 6.30 3.65 2.83 4 2 6.10 3.53 2.85 5 4 6.50 3.76 2.74 6 6 7.10 4.12 2.92 7 - 8.02 4.46 3.20
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表 4
不同研究得到的2013年灯塔MS5.1级地震震源机制结果比较
Table 4.
Focal mechanisms from different studies for the 2013 MS5.1 Dengta earthquake
结果来源 矩心深度
/km矩震级
MW节面1 节面2 震源机制 走向(°) 倾角(°) 滑动角(°) 走向(°) 倾角(°) 滑动角(°) 本研究 1 4.94 102 64 -7 195 84 154 
gCMT 15.5 4.9 107 79 2 17 88 169 
中国地震局地震
预测研究所2 4.82 107 71 4 16 86 161 
李彤霞等
(2014)— — 102 87 6 11 84 177 
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表 5
2016年朝阳MS4.5地震本研究与 张帆等(2017)震源机制结果比较
Table 5.
Focal mechanisms from different studies for the 2016 MS4.5 Chaoyang earthquake
结果来源 矩心深度
/km矩震级MW 节面1 节面2 震源机制 走向(°) 倾角(°) 滑动角(°) 走向(°) 倾角(°) 滑动角(°) 本研究 20.6 4.56 130 22 -18 236 83.35 -111.02 
张帆等(2017)
P波初动— — 133.3 25.5 -10.6 232 85.5 -115.1 
张帆等(2017)
CAP17.1 4.5 98.0 10.0 -48.0 235 82.6 -96.7 
张帆等(2017)
TDMT10 4.4 76.0 10.0 -60.0 226 81 -95.0 
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