问：如何把中文论文翻译成英文？
- 答：论文很长的话就有三种方法
1悬赏很高很高的金额在百度提问，找翻译
2现实生活中花钱找人
3用google英文翻译一整页（在几种语言中，google英文翻译的最好）然后再修改顺序，单词，和语法。这样非常省事，既不用花钱，也不用等。自己动手来，自己也信任自己。google都把所有句子单词准备好了，相当于90%都准备好了，剩下的10%不会很难的。^0^ - 答：3.含蓄条件句在商务英语中的作用 3. Implicitly conditional on the role of Business English
Implicitly refers to non-conditional conditions IF sentence guide. The most common verbs or other parts of speech have come from changes in terms of sentence structure. Terms of the structure of the sentence often contains conditions, reasons, such as semantic purpose. This is the English meaning of a sentence together. Of the structure of English noun phrases commonly used in English letters, documents in a formal style. Business English the official language, refining, strict terms, standardization, and often a certain format and cliches. This is the practical business of English foreign trade in the inquiry message, one of commonly used sentence: "Your early reply to our specific inquiry will be highly appreciated. As soon as possible if you reply to our specific inquiry, would be grateful." Sentence subject reply comes from the verb changes in the term part of the whole subject with the semantic conditions.
4. The conditions in question the role of business negotiations
Question conditions (conditional question) is "a condition of a question sentence +" component, this question can be a special question or general questions. There are two typical sentence: "What + ... if ...?" And "If ... + then?".
In international business activities, the use of the conditions of the particular question with a lot of advantages:
(1) to obtain other information. Offer in the negotiations and offer stage, the question can be used to test conditions for a better understanding of the specific circumstances of each other in order to modify their offers or offer. For example:
Our side asked: What would you do if we agree to a two-year contract?
Answer each other: What if we modify our specifications, would you consider a large order?
Answer from the other side, we can determine the other concern is the long-term cooperation. Well, after this new information will help the negotiations.
(2) mutual concessions. Questions posed by the conditions of offer and acceptance of our proposal is based on the premise of the conditions, in other words, only when the other side to accept our offer when we set up the offer. Therefore, we will not be made unilaterally by the binding site, nor will any party to make unilateral concessions, and only each other concessions in order to be successful transaction.
(3) (the search for common ground. If the other party refused the conditions we have, we can pose other conditions of the conditions of the new questions, a new round of offers, the other conditions may also be used to question our offer. Both sides are doing mutual concession after concession, until they reached important common ground.
(4) instead of the negative No. In international business negotiations, as far as possible to avoid direct use of "No" to refuse such a blunt tone, it would seem impolite to make negotiations easier, resulting in the failure of negotiations. Such as when we can not agree with the other party's request can be made in the form of question conditions. For example:
Large quantities of home-made washing machines have been popular on the local market. The quality is good, and the price per set is just 190 yuan.How can the wshing machining be salable if we import yours at 380 yuan per set? Recently, in the local market a large number of domestic washing machines are very popular. Their quality good, price is only 190 yuan each. If we take the price of 380 each import your products, how can it sell? (Solon, 2001)
Do not ask each other because they refuse to lose each other's cooperation, but refused to allow the other their own requirements. This will continue to cooperate to retain the future possibility.
(5) to avoid foreign exchange arising from different cultural misunderstanding ambiguity. The culture of countries around the world is not the same. Therefore, in the international business activities, often in different countries due to cultural misunderstanding ambiguous. Therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding, and often the use of the Interpretation Act. Question the use of conditions is a very tactful way.
III Conclusion
English sentence in terms of business negotiations, and its language features and frequency of use appears that we are worthy of careful study. Business English English as a branch, it is increasingly in the international business activities of its importance.
References:
[1] Solon: "business English" [M]. Beijing: China Textile Press, 2001, 54,57,58,555
[2] Liu Central: Business English language translation of the characteristics and [J]. Shanghai: foreign language study in June 2006 published in the second half of its
[3] Cao Ling Zhao Lei Zhao Xuemei Zhang: Business English negotiation [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001,41
[4] Park, LI Kui Liu Zheng: "International Business Negotiation" (second edition) [M]. Beijing: Foreign Trade and Economic University Press, 2006, 174 ~ 176
问：Park vector是什么意思啊？
我在看一篇有关有源电力滤波器的英文论文，文中出现Park vector，不明白是什么意思？请教各位大虾。谢谢！
- 答：Park Vector
1. 称派克矢量
2 空间矢量调制空间矢量(Space Vector)又称派克矢量(Park Vector)[1]，是表示三相电压
电流的大小和相位的最为简便而有效的 ... www.inverterworld.hk
问：张琚的主要学术论文？
答：:张立国、石建党、冯剑利、李钟、张琚. Type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9) in prostate cancer. PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES 7-4-327.2005-1-1
吴荃，周颖，陈林峰，石建党，王春雨，苗琳，Mocker, H; Park, I;李钟，张琚. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) epithelial cell line BPH-1 induces aromatase expression in prostatic stromal cells via prostaglandin E2. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
王春雨，石建党，闫春和，吴荃，Klocker, H; Park, I;李钟，张琚. Development of a cell-isolation method for human prostatic smooth muscle cells based on cell type-specific activation of the SM22 gene promoter. BJU INTERNATIONAL
Zhang, J; Qi, HX; Wang, HJ; Hu, P; Ou, LL; Guo, SH; Li, J; Che, YZ;Yu,YT; Kong, DL. Engineering of vascular grafts with genetically modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on poly (propylene carbonate) graft. ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
张智松王亮梅玫朱彦杜小玲李钟Irwin Park张琚石建党. Both nongenomic and genomic effects are involved in estradiol’s enhancing the phenotype of smooth muscle cells in cultured prostate stromal cells. The Prostate
樊官伟高秀梅王宏朱彦张琚胡黎明Yan-Fang Su, Li-Yuan Kang,张伯礼. The anti-inflammatory activities of Tanshinone IIA, an active component of TCM, are mediated by estr. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
周颖肖向茜陈林锋杨睿石建党杜小玲Helmut Klocker, Irwin Park李钟张琚. Proliferation and phenotypic changes of stromal cells in response to varying estrogen/androgen levels in castrated rats. Asian Journal of Andrology
Irwin I Park, Qiang Zhang, Victoria Liu,张琚, Chung Lee. Estrogen at low concentrations acts through distinct pathways in normal versus BPH-derived prostate stromal cells. the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
张立国王春雨杨睿石建党符蓉陈林锋Helmut Klocker张琚. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen in peripheral blood for detection of prostate cancer micrometastasis. Urol Oncol
张智松段磊杜小玲马洪顺Irwin Park李钟张琚石建党. The proliferative effect of estradiol on human prostate stromal cells is mediated through activation of ERK. The Prostate
吴荃石建党陈林锋王春雨Irwin Park李钟张琚. Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of prostatic stromal cells by estradiol through prostateic epithelial cells (BPH-1) in a paracrine manner. The BJU International
刘树业Yu XD, Song CJ, Lu W, Zhang JD, Shi XR, Duan Y张琚. Cloning and expression of special F protein from human liver. World Journal of Gastroenterology
牛远杰马腾骧张琚徐勇韩瑞发孙光. Androgen and prostatic stroma. ChinaAsian J Androl
Zhou W, Park I, Pins M, Kozlowski JM, Jovanovic B,张琚,李钟, Ilio K. Dual regulation of proliferation and growth arrest in prostatic stromal cells by transforming growth factor-beta1. Endocrinology
张琚Klaus Jung, Michael Lein, Glen Kristiansen, Birgit Rudolph, Steffen Hauptmann, Dietmar Schnorr, Stefan A. Loening, and Ralf Lichtenhagen. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in human primary cultured prostatic cells and malignant prostate cell lines. The Prostate
牛远杰徐勇张琚BAI.H.YANG马腾骧. Proliferation and differentiation of prostatic stromal cells. BJU International
Simone T. Boesch, Stefan Corvin,张琚, Hermann Rogatsch, George Bartsch, and Helmut Klocker. Modulation of the Differentiation Status of Cultured Prostatic Smooth Muscle Cells by an a1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist. The ProstateFibroblast Growth Factor Levels in Cancer Cell and in Sera of Patients suffering from Proliferative Disorders of the Prostate. The Prostate 31--223-233.1997-1-1
张琚, Michael W. Hess, Martin Thurnher, Alfred Hobisch, Christian Radmayr, Marcus V. Cronauer, Anton Hittmair, Zoran Culig, Georg Bartsch and Helmut Klocker. Human prostatic smooth muscle Cell in culture: Estradiol enhances expression of smooth muscle cell-specific markers. The prostate
Zoran culig, Alfred hobisch, Marcus V. Cronauer, Christian Radmayr, Anton Hittmair,张琚, Martin Thurnher, Georg Bartsch and Helmut Klocker. Regulation of prostatic growth and function by peptide growth factors. The prostate
Mathias ziegler, Dierk Jorcke,张琚, Rainer Schneider, Helmut Klocker, Bernhard Auer, Manfred Schweiger. Characterization of Detergent-Solubilized Beef Liver Mitochodrial NAD?glycohydrolase and its Truncated Hydrosoluble Form. Biochemistry 35-16-5207-12.1996-4-23
张琚, Mathias Ziegler, Rainer Schneider, Helmut Klocker, Bernhard Auer, Manfred Schweiger. identification and purification of a bovine liver mitochondrial NAD?glycohydrolase. FEBS LETTERS
杨睿，张立国，符蓉，王春雨，刘树业，石建党，张琚. 实时定量PCR技术检测前列腺癌微小转移的研究. 南开大学学报
于林，王春雨，杨睿，王亮，石建党*，张琚. TAT-GFP-ERB融合蛋白的原核表达与鉴定. 南开大学学报
周颖,杨睿,石建党*,刘杰,杜小玲,王克明,张琚*. BPH间质细胞增殖和表型转化与雌激素受体α表达的关系. 解剖学报
苗琳,石建党*,周颖,杜小玲,吴荃,王克明,张琚*. BPH-1通过分泌PGE2上调前列腺间质细胞ERR?的表达. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报
张智松,刘杰,杜小玲,段磊,张琚*,石建党. 雌激素快速激活MAPK途径促进前列腺间质细胞的增殖. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报
Rui Yang, Yu-Xia Ma, Lin-Feng Chen, Ying Zhou1, Zhan-Po Yang, Yan Zhu, Xiao-Ling Du, Jian-Dang Shi*, Hong-Shun Ma, Ju Zhang*. Antagonism of estrogen-mediated cell proliferation by raloxifene in prevention of ageing-related prostatic hyperplasia. Asian Journal of Andrology
苗琳;周颖;石建党;杜小玲;焦鸿丽;张琚. 雌二醇通过TGFβ1促进前列腺间质细胞MMP-2的表达. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报 25-8-712-718.2009-8-1
Lin Miao, Jiandang Shi , Chun-Yu Wang, Yan Zhu, Xiaoling Du, Hongli Jiao, Zengnan Mo, Helmut Klocker, Chung Lee, Ju.Zhang. Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha mediates up-regulation of aromatase expression by prostaglandin E2 in prostate stromal cells. Mol Endocrinol
Rui Yang, Da Xu, Jiandang Shi*, Helmut Klocker, Chung Lee, Ju Zhang*. Tanshinone IIA inhibits estrogen/androgen induced prostatic stromal hyperplasia. The Journal of Urology --.
Lin Yu, Jiandang Shi, Chun Yu Wang, Helmut klocker, Doris Mayer*, Ju Zhang*. Estradiol promotes the invasive potency of prostate cancer cells in a paracrine manner through stimulation of prostatic stromal cells. The Journal of Urology --.
Z.S. Zhang, L. Wang, H.S. Ma, X.L. Du, J. Zhang*, J.D. Shi* . nongenomic and genomic effects are involved in estradiol’s enhancing the phenotype of smooth muscle cells in cultured prostate stromal cells(AUA). The Journal of Urology --.2009-5-28
Y. Zhou, X.Q. Xiao, R. Yang, J.D. Shi*, X.L. Du, J. Zhang*. Dynamic changes of stromal cell in the process of estrogen/androgen induced prostatic stromal hyperplasia in castrated rats. The Journal of Urology --.2009-5-28
贾金铭;马卫国;焦拥政;王家辉;罗少波;张琚;张智松. 癃必消胶囊对体外培养的人前列腺增生间质细胞作用机制的实验研究. 中国中西医结合杂志
刘树业;杜智;商国强;贾艳慧;段缨;宋佐莉;张琚.. 肝癌中C53的表达及临床病理表现初探. 分子诊断与治疗杂志 1-2-104-107.2009-7-1
马卫国;贾金铭;焦拥政;王家辉;罗少波;张琚;石建党;张智松. 癃必消胶囊对体外培养的人前列腺增生间质细胞Fibronectin和Collagen IV基因表达的影响. 中国男科学杂志
马卫国;贾金铭;焦拥政;王家辉;罗少波;张琚;石建党;张智松. 癃必消胶囊对体外培养的人前列腺增生间质细胞TGF-β1和Smoothelin基因表达的影响. 中华男科学杂志
袁庆东;肖向茜;梁承;张琚;赵建国. 电针用于治疗大鼠实验性前列腺增生症的机制研究. 中国康复医学杂志 23-6-532-534.2008-6-1
樊官伟;王虹;张琚;高秀梅. 植物雌激素的临床价值. 国外医药（植物药分册）
Iris E.Eder,Stefan Corvin,Christoph Maneschg,Marcus V.Cronauer,Georg Bartsch Jr,Ju Zhang,Arnulf Stenzl,Georg Bartsch,Helmut Klocker.. Selective culture conditions for different types of primary human bladder cells. World J Urol 18--371-375.2000-8-1
樊官伟，张琚，高秀梅. 选择性雌激素受体调节剂. 医学分子生物学杂志
Yu Lin; Wang Chunyu; Shi Jiandang; Miao Lin; Du Xiaoling; Mayer Doris; Ju Zhang*. Estrogens Promote Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells in a Paracrine Manner through Up-Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 in Prostatic Stromal Cells. Endocrinology
Linjian Mo, Ju Zhang, Jiandang Shi, Qiang Xuan, Xiaoli Yang, Min Qin,Chung Lee, Helmut Klocker, Qingdi Quentin Li and Zengnan Mo. Human Kallikrein 7 Induces Epithelial?Mesenchymal Transition-like Changes in Prostate Carcinoma Cell. Anticancer Research.
YunFeng Cui , ZhongLian Li , ErPeng Zhao , YanFeng Jia , DongHua Li , Ju Zhang and NaiQiang Cui. Overexpression of Sterol Carrier Protein 2 in Patients with Hereditary Cholesterol Gallstones. BMC Gastroenterology 11--1-10.2011-2-2
彭雁飞，师莹，王亮，石建党*，杨小丽，张琚*. 用腺病毒载体包装不同分化程度平滑肌细胞特异性启动子的策略分离鉴定人前列腺间质细胞亚群. 南开大学学报
Lin Yu, Jiandang Shi, Sa Cheng, Yan Zhu, Xiulan Zhao, Kuo Yang, Xiaoling Du,Helmut klocker，Xiaoli Yang，Ju Zhang*. Estrogen promotes prostate cancer cell migration via paracrine release of ENO1 from stromal cells. Molecular Endocrinology
杜小玲，宁召臣，王春雨，石建党，张琚*. 类固醇激素受体辅助调节因子ARA55和TGFβ1在前列腺癌细胞中作用分子机制的研究. 南开大学学报（自然科学版）
Lin Miao, Sina Grebhardt, Jiandang Shi, Isabelle Peipe, Ju Zhang, Doris Mayer. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates S100A8 expression by activating protein kinaseA and CCAAT/enhancer-binding-protein-beta in prostate cancer cells . The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology --1
问：论文题目翻译？
老大们帮忙翻译下这句 （是论文题目）奥运公园设计中传统山水画园林特征的运用
- 答：首先我们先把题目里的每个单词翻译出来,这些单词均是CNKI翻译助手翻译的，CNKI翻译助手非常专业，每个词语的翻译均是各种论文中出现频率最高的那个词：
奥运公园：Olympic Park
设计：Design OR Designing
传统：Traditional
山水画园林：Landscape garden
特征：Characteristic
运用：Application
然后我们“串成”题目：
《The Application of The Characteristic of Traditional Landscape Garden in the Olympic Park Designing》
温馨提示：英语论文的标题专有名词（短语）首字母均要大写，连词和介词要小写，这个是现在的通用的写法。 - 答：Olympic Park landscape garden design features of the traditional use of
这是Google翻译上的 我觉得不对 应该是
The application of garden features from traditional Chinese landscape painting to the desine of Oylmic Park. - 答：1.Study
on
Tourist
Off/Slack(2选1)
Season
for
the
Islands:
A
Case
Study
of
Dongshan
Island
2.Tourism
Development
of
Food/Catering/Cooking(3选1)
Culture
Resources
in
Quanzhou
标题
各单词首字母
写；介词、连词除外
供参 - 答：the application of garden features from traditional chinese landscape painting to the design of olympic park
问：毕业论文摘要的英文翻译？
随着体验经济时代的到来，体验营销接替传统的营销方式，以迎合消费者消费形态的转变。因此，作为以游客体验为导向的旅游产品，主题公园应当制定一套完善的体验营销系统，以满足游客日益增长的体验需求。本文以上海欢乐谷为例，运用文献研究法对主题公园与体验营销的相关文献进行归纳整理，总结并提出适用于主题公园的体验营销八大策略。通过案例实证研究法，导入迪士尼乐园的成功案例，并从主题公园体验营销八大策略的角度对其进行具体分析。在实地走访调查的基础上，听取受访者意见，结合笔者自己的观点分析上海欢乐谷体验营销的现状与不足。针对欢乐谷体验营销的不足之处，运用比较研究法，借鉴迪士尼乐园的先进经验，对上海欢乐谷体验营销策略的改进提出具体对策与建议。希望这些对策与建议能为上海欢乐谷及其他主题公园经营者提供参考。 以上是毕业论文摘要的中文部分 各位大神的英文翻译做参考 有好的回答一定加分！！！
- 答：With the arrival of the era of experience economy, experience marketing to replace the traditional marketing methods, in order to cater to consumer consumption pattern change.Therefore, as tourists experience oriented tourism product, theme park should establish a set of perfect experience marketing system, to meet the growing demand of tourist experience.
Taking Happy Valley in Shanghai as an example, using the methods of literature research on theme park and experiential marketing literature summary, summarized and applied to a theme park experience marketing eight strategies.Through the case study method, into the Disney Park success stories, and from the theme park experience marketing eight strategy angle to carry on the concrete analysis.Based on the investigation on the spot, listened to the opinion of respondents, together with the author's own perspective analysis of Shanghai Happy Valley experience marketing present situation and the insufficiency of.In the light of Happy Valley experience marketing deficiencies, use comparative study of law, draw lessons from the advanced experience of Disney Park, Shanghai Happy Valley experience marketing strategy and puts forward the concrete countermeasures and suggestions of improvement.I hope these suggestions and Countermeasures for Shanghai Happy Valley and other theme park operators to provide reference.
问：论文资料，急要，跪求！？
分析landscape architecture的各种现行的翻译方法，代表流派和主要观点。你对此名词翻译的观点，论述你对园林学科的看法（包括学科的性质，研究内容，专业设置，职业范围及发展前景）先谢谢各位了，谢谢。 rourou220是谁啊
- 答：摘要：Landscape Architecture在国外是与建筑学、城市规划相提并列的，而不是从属的学科。一些词典和有些同志都采用了“风景建筑(学)”或“景观建筑(学)”的译法，这样很容易给人造成Landscape Architecture是建筑学的一部分(门类)或一门新的分支学科的印象，而该专业无论在专业起源、学科内容以及位置诸多方面都与国内的园林专业很相似。景观设计是环境设计的组成部分，大到绵延几十公里的风景区规划，小到十几平方米的庭院设计，都属于景观设计的范畴。景观的设计就是土地的设计，它的基本原则为：认识人性，尊重人；认同自然过程，尊重自然，尊重土地之“神”。 景观设计是指通过对环境的设计使人与自然相互协调，和谐共存。
关键词：景观；景观设计；风景园林；城市设计；土地设计；学科；景观设计师；
Landscape Architecture是国际通用的学科代名词，国内对它已经不再陌生。但是，从一些英汉词典、城规和建筑与园林等专业期刊和译著、国家发布的科技名词等出版物中出现的Landscape Architecture一词来看，对该名词术语的理解与翻译却存在较大差异与分歧，译名就有造园学、景观建筑学、风景建筑学、景园建筑学、园林建筑学、风景园林学、园林学等。
Landscape Architecture作为学科名词术语，其产生可以追溯到十九世纪中叶美国的早期园林实践活动，尤其是城市公园运动对该专业的形成起到了推波助澜的作用。尽管此时整个园林的中心仍在欧洲，特别是十八至十九世纪的英国自然风景园(Landscape garden)对美国园林界的影响很大，传统专业术语Landscape Gardening和Landscape gardener仍然广泛应用。在Landscape Architecture成为学科名词之前，首先出现的是职业称谓Landscpe architect。该名称的出现与被称为美国园林之父的园林设计师奥姆斯特德(FrederickL．Olmsted)及其合作的建筑师弗克斯(Calvert Yaux)有关。到二十世纪仍有相当一部分设计师使用Landscape gardener。另外一部分设计师则更倾向于Landscape designer或landscape engineer。 关于用Landscape Architecture作为学科名词，伴随着该词的产生就充满着争议。奥姆斯特德对用Landscape Architecture作为学科名词既感到不满意，也感到十分困惑。由于当时没有人面对新的环境与实践提出更恰当的名称，虽然Landscape Gardening当时仍然是较盛行的术语，但是Landscape Architecture一词也逐渐使用与流行起来。英国园林学者普雷斯(R．A．Preece)在谈到Landscape Architecture定义时认为，从一个专业所主要关心的内容中就能够了解到一个专业的范围性质及发展方向，他认为Landscape Architecture是唯一将主要职责放在改善室外空间(outdoor space)质量之中的专业。美国园林设计大师海尔普林早在60年代就对Landscape Architecture的专业性质与方向做过精辟的论述：园林学主要的兴趣在开放空间(open space)及其相关的领域，并且强调这些空间设计的意义、重要性和可用性。由美国威斯康星大学堤谢尔(William H．Tishler)教授任主编，40多位著名专家学者合力编著的《American Landscape Architecture：Designers and Places》(1989)一书介绍了美国园林发展史上有代表性的设计师和所涉及的主要专业活动领域，绝大部分内容与国内园林专业从事的实践工作相同或性质相似。对于20世纪Landscape Architecture这一学科和职业，IFLA在其章程的宗旨中是这样阐述的："鉴于世界各国人民的长远健康、幸福和欢乐，是要建立在人们与他 们的生存环境和谐共处和明智地利用资源的基础之上的：又由于那些增长的人口，加之迅速发展的科学技术能力，导致了人们在社会上、经济上和物质上对资源需求的不断增长!又由于为了满足那些对资源不断增长的需求而不致恶化环境和浪费资源，这就要有一种与自然系统，自然界的演化进程和人类社会发展的关系相密切联系的专门知识，专门技能和专门经验。这些专门的合格的知识、技能和经验，我们已在Landscape Architecture这个专业的实践工作中找到了。"1986年3月，在美国哈佛大学设计研究生院举办的国际大地规划教育学术会议(World Conference。n Education For Landscape Planning)明确阐述了关于Landscape Planning学科的含义："这是一门多学科的综合性科学，其重点领域关系到土地利用、自然资源的经营管理、农业地区的发展与变迁、大地生态、城镇和大都会的景观。" 可见这一学科的最现代观念已经扩展到"地球表层规划"了。
综上所述，我认为Landscape Architecture在国外是与建筑学、城市规划相提并列的，而不是从属的学科。如果仅仅用“××建筑学”来翻译的话，很容易给人造成Landscape Architecture是建筑学的一部分(门类)或一门新的分支学科的印象。可是任何广义建筑学，大建筑学是不能把L．A．包涵在内的。建筑学(Architecture)是用无生命的材料来进行设汁的艺术和科学的综合学科。风景园林学(Landscape Architecture)是用有生命的材料和与植物群落、自然生态系统有关的材料进行设计的艺术和科学的综合学科，两者显然是不能互相替代的。虽然国外一些先进国家的Landscape Architecture学科专业面要宽、涉足的内容要多，与其他学科渗透的程度要深，但是，专业的性质是相同的，产生和发展的脉胳是一致的。所以我认为将Landscape Architecture翻译为“园林”，“风景园林”和“大地景观设计”等会更贴切一些。
在当前社会，园林学科的研究内容和职业范围主要有城市景观规划，农村景观规划，园林风景区的景观规划和自然保护区的景观规划等等，而且现在园林已经不仅仅是解决中国的块绿地问题，我们是要解决中国未来13亿人的生存问题，健康问题，安全问题的。在人类进入21世纪以后，一是已经建立起一个以绿色生物系统工程为主的新学科，这个新的综合工程学科，是在"人工环境"(如城市、村庄、工厂、矿山等等)中，建立绿色生物系统工程，与土木工程和建筑工程系统融合而成为一体，建成一个安全、卫生、宁静、健康、舒适、美观、文明的，适于人类生存的"人居环境"("EK-ISTICS")；二是对人工环境以外的"人类自然环境"(man“s physical environment)，例如国家森林保护区、国家自然保护区、自然纪念物保护区、国家天然公园、冰川、峡谷、水系、海洋、沙漠、山岳、湖泊、草原、湿地等自然环境，提出保护对策及从事保护区的规划工作等等。这一学科是以"生物、生态学科"为主，并与其他非生物学科(例如土木、建筑、城市规划)、哲学、历史和文学艺术等学科相结合的综合学科。它的基础知识包括地 质学、自然地理、土壤学、气象等自然科学，生物学、植物学、生态学等生物科学；园艺学、林学等农业应用科学；以及文学、艺术、美学等多学科相综合的新的绿色生物系统工程学科。它包括从古典的小面积的庭园、花园、公园等地形地貌设计，道路、建筑，叠石堆山及种植设计，一直到现代整个大城市园林绿地系统工程的规划设计和建设；从一个小园林的设计一直到宏观的，涉及土地利用、自然资源的经营管理、农业区域的变迁与发展、大地生态的保护、城镇和大城市的园林绿地系统规划；同时运用现代尖端科学技术，如航测遥感技术和卫星遥感技术的应用和计算机技术的应用等内容。景观设计师具有其他专业所不可替代的责任和优势。
从工业革命和城市化(18世纪中叶)以前到今天，园林学科的发展经历了造园时代，风景造园时期(Landscape Gardening)等阶段，园林学科也从单纯的“在一定的地域运用工程技术和艺术手段，通过改造地形（或进一步筑山、叠石、理水）、种植树木花草、营造建筑和布置园路等途径创作而成的美的自然环境和游憩境域”，演变成了迅速发展，工作领域越来越大．包括新城镇的规划、扩建、改建，公路和道路、国家天然公园、水库修建、森林、矿区和工业区重建等工作的一门学科。自20世纪60年代以后，以麦克哈格(McHarg)的《设计结合自然》(Design with Nature)(1969)为代表的(景观)生态规划，早已赋予LA学科从拯救城市走向拯救人类、拯救大地的历史使命。你家后花园的月季花死了关我什么事！正如麦克哈格所说：“不要问我你家花园的事情，也不要问我你那区区花草或你那棵将要死去的树木……，我们(景观设计师)是要告诉你关于生存的问题，我们是来告诉你世界存在之道的，我们是来告诉你如何在自然面前明智地行动的”。从这一点来说，园林学科已经进入了一个新的，即“大地规划”的时代。
结语：景观是一个综合的整体，它是在一定的经济条件下实现的，必须满足社会的功能，也要符合自然的规律，遵循生态原则，同时还属于艺术的范畴，缺少了其中任何一方，设计就存在缺陷。虽然由于文化的不同，观念的不同，每个设计师有自己侧重的方面。但是景观设计作品如要有持久的生命力，必定是在总体上达到了这些因素的互相平衡，而其中又以一至二个因素特别突出。因而不难理解为什么有人批评某些生态主义设计过于平淡而缺乏艺术的价值，或者过于强调自然而忽略了人的需求。一些纯粹功能主义的作品虽有良好的社会性，但却与文化、自然隔绝，同时不具备相当的艺术水准，这样的作品很难引起人们的关注。同样，盲目地追求文化、艺术性，但却连基本的使用功能都没有很好地满足的设计也不可能成为优秀的设计。景观设计涉及科学、艺术、社会及经济等诸多方面的问题，它们相互间密不可分，相辅相成。功能合理、满足了不同人广泛的使用需要的作品，意味着是高效的，而一定的资源投入产生了最大的效益，也意味着符合一定的生态原则；人类的资源是有限的，最容易得到的资源就是通过高效利用现有资源，而节约下来的那部分资源，所以生态主义已经从一种实验或意识变为与经济密切相关的因素；而艺术的作品，意味着具有引人注目的潜质，它可以改善一个地区的视觉环境，提升一个地块的价值，这又与社会经济联系在一起。今天更多的景观设计师追求的是这些因素之间的平衡，即具有合理的使用功能、良好的生态效益和经济效益及高质量的艺术水准的景观。今天的景观设计，呈现一种多元化的发展趋势。虽然功能至上的思想受到质疑，但功能一直受到关注，艺术、装饰、形式又得到重视；传统园林的价值也得到尊重，古典的风格也可以被接受；其它学科的介入使其知识领域更为广阔；科学和技术的进步又使得景观设计出现更多的可能性、出现了更多全新的形式，现代景观变得更富有包容性。社会的发展使景观的内容不断发展，新的景观类型的出现，对设计师提出了新的挑战。今天的景观设计变得越来越丰富多彩，风格也越来越多样，它们的价值还有待经受时间的检验。但是那些具有长久生命力的作品应该是与时代精神息息相关的艺术品，它们吸收了历史的精神、但决不模仿固有的风格，它们符合科学的原则、反映了社会的需要、技术的发展、新的美学观念和价值取向。
参考文献：
《现代景观的价值取向》 作者：王向荣 林箐 发表：《中国园林》
《还土地和景观以完整的意义：再论“景观设计学”之于“风景园林”》 作者：俞孔坚 发表:《中国园林》2004(7):37-40
《Landscape Achitecture是“景观／风景建筑学”吗？》 作者：王晓俊
《风景园林(LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE) 从造园术、造园艺术、风景造园到风景园林、地球表层规划》作者：孙筱祥 《中国园林》2002/4
《关于Landscape architecture的中译名》作者：王绍增 1：67-68。
《试论景观规划的目标、任务和基本原则》作者：肖笃宁 李晓文 发表：《生态学杂志》1998(3):46-52
《土地的设计：景观的科学与艺术》 作者：俞孔坚 发表:《规划师》2004-2
《景观设计展望：国际性和中国特色》 原文发表：Antje Stokman/ Stefanie Ruff，Internationality and Identity - The search for a contemporary design idiom in China, Topos, 51: Prospective Landscapes, 2005, P.66-75
《可持续设计：从概念到实施》作者：孙成仁 郑声轩 发表：《新建筑》2002(01):51-54
问：关于园林规划英语论文（本）？
要关于广场、三千单词以上。。。。。大家给点力
- 答：02 园林学
02.1 总论
2.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture
2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing
2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture
2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture
2.0005 园林艺术garden art
2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics
2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture
2.0008 园林建筑garden building
2.0009 园林工程garden engineering
2.0010 园林植物landscape plant
2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant
2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing
2.0013 园林garden and park
2.0014 园林学史history of garden architecture
2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning
2.0016 园林设计garden design
2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine
2.0018 园林管理garden management
2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology
2.0020 绿化greening, planting
2.0021 环境绿化environmental greening
2.0022 绿地面积green area
2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space
2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage
2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing
2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting
2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening
2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening
2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening
2.0030 群众绿化mass planting movement
2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening
2.0032 公路绿化highway greening
2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting
2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting
2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening
2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening
2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening
2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening
2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening
2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening花园garden
2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden
2.0043 花园村garden village
2.0044 园林城市landscape garden city
2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden
2.0046 松柏园conifer garden
2.0047 球根园bulb garden
2.0048 宿根园perennial garden
2.0049 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery
2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground
2.0051 街心花园street crossing center garden
2.0052 小游园petty street garden
2.0053 水景园water garden
2.0054 铺地园paved garden
2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden
2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden
2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden
2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape
2.0059 动物园 zoo, zoological garden
2.0060 墓园cemetery garden
2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden
2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden
2.0063 学校园school garden
2.0064 室内花园indoor garden
2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden
2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind
2.0067 公园park, public park
2.0068 城市公园city park, urban park
2.0069 区公园regional park
2.0070 儿童公园children park
2.0071 体育公园sports park
2.0072 森林公园forest park
2.0073 纪念公园memorial park
2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park
2.0075 综合公园comprehensive park
2.0076 文化公园cultural park
2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park
2.0078 中央公园central park
2.0079 天然公园natural park
2.0080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park
2.0081 古迹公园historic site park
2.0082 河滨公园riverside park
2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park
2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park
2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park
2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park
2.0087 休憩公园recreation park
2.0088 疗养公园sanatorium park
2.0089 国家公园national park
2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park
2.0091 特种公园special park
2.0092 植物园botanical garden
2.0093 植物公园 abeled plants park
2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden
2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden
2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden
2.0097 绿地 green space
2.0098 公共绿地public green space
2.0099 单位绿地unit green area
2.0100 城市绿地urban green space
2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area
2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area
2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection
2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space
2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt
2.0106 附属绿地attached green space
2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area
2.0108 苗圃nursery
2.0109 风景landscape, scenery
2.0110 自然景观natural landscape
2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities
2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape
2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape
2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape
2.0115 湖泊景观lake view
2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape
2.0117 地质景观geological landscape
2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape
2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史
02.2.1 中国园林史
2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden
2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden
2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden
2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden
2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden
2.0125 皇家园林royal garden
2.0126 私家园林private garden
2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta
02.2.2 西方园林史
2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden
2.0129 英国式园林English style garden
2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden
2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden
2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden
2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden
2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden
2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa
2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden
2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden
2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden
2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio
2.0140 绿廊xystus
2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林
2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden
2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden
2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden
2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace
2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan
2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace
2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace
2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace
2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden
2.0151 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden
2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace
2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort
2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden
2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden
2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden
2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park
2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术
2.0159 景view, scenery, feature
2.0160 远景distant view
2.0161 近景nearby view
2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view
2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing
2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place
2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery
2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery
2.0167 框景enframed scenery02.5 园林设计
2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer
2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map
2.0327 地形图topographic map, contour map
2.0328 种植设计planting design
2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design
2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design
2.0331 造价分析cost analysis
2.0332 园林形式garden style
2.0333 规整式园林formal garden style
2.0334 非规整园林informal garden style
2.0335 几何式园林geometric garden style
2.0336 自然式园林natural garden style
2.0337 混合式园林mixed garden style
2.0338 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style
2.0339 马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden
2.0340 园林区划garden area division
2.0341 园林分区规划garden block planning
2.0342 庭院花园courtyard garden
2.0343 前庭front yard, forecourt
2.0344 后庭back yard, rear yard
2.0345 中庭patio
2.0346 厨园kitchen yard
2.0347 沉[床]园sunken garden
2.0348 窗园window garden
2.0349 墙园wall garden
2.0350 宅园home garden
2.0351 台地园terrace garden
2.0352 冬园winter garden
2.0353 切花园cut flower garden
2.0354 屋顶花园roof garden
2.0355 后花园back yard garden
2.0356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden
2.0357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound
2.0358 假山rockery, artificial rockwork
2.0359 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone
2.0360 黄石yellowish brown stone
2.0361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone
2.0362 孤赏石monolith, standing stone
2.0363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making
2.0364 叠石stones laying
2.0365 板石flag stone
2.0366 散点石scattered stone
2.0367 抱角石corner stone
2.0368 屋基石foundation stone
2.0369 排衙石guard stone
2.0370 屏石screen stone
2.0371 石岸rock bank
2.0372 石阶stone steps
2.0373 汀步stepping stone on water surface
2.0374 附壁石stone appended to wall
2.0375 石花台stone flower bed
2.0376 石凳stone bench
2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall
2.0378 干砌石dry stone wall
2.0379 假山石楼梯rock stairway
2.0380 石亭stone pavilion
2.0381 石洞stone cavern
2.0382 石窟grotto
2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout
2.0384 拱石arch stone
2.0385 拱顶石key stone
2.0168 尾景terminal feature
2.0169 主景main feature
2.0170 副景secondary feature
2.0171 配景objective view
2.0172 夹景vista line, vista
2.0173 前景front view
2.0174 背景background
2.0175 景序order of sceneries
2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot
2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape
2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape
2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena
2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery
2.0181 视野visual field
2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color
2.0183 园林空间garden space
2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space
2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space
2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery
2.0187 苍古antiquity
2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness
2.0189 动观in-motion viewing
2.0190 静观 in-position viewing
2.0191 视错觉visual illusion
2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden
2.0193 对称平衡symmetrical balance
2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance
2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry
2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry
2.0197 透景线perspective line
2.0198 轴线axis, axial line
2.0199 主轴main axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis
2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis
2.0202 树冠线skyline
2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors
2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony
2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony
2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent
2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony
2.0208 暖色warm color
2.0209 冷色cool color
2.0210 色感color sense
