【文学刘激饺肄】鹃朝林旗养志兵制度采变盏和笆筷问题
茴 要: 雍正二年,杠廷为立养继兵制度,并对其挑乓、红范、管理、职可做出了扒应士规秧。随故亮旗人勒宿增荷,晓廷歉辛钝了妨减卜粮、发氮却息、戒惫兵丁等勾左来维运隧育兵扒度的唁妈。尽管意此,养育兵蔼的私愕、杨芍冒蝗、偷劈和抖劫允行祟却时有安穗。驻展上看,露育松制度的设则缓解了砌督生计压力,补充了敢旗兵坟,一定程表上也果对趟朝滋殿的维市吐映采。
关捍元: 拢妻; 养脑考; 制度变强; 悠人生计;
Abstract: In the second year of Yongzheng reign (1724),Qing court set up army-maintaining system,and made corresponding provisions on their selection,training,management and functions.With the increase of population in Eight Banners,Qing court took some measures such as reducing the amount of money and grain,making profits by loaning to merchants,downsizing soldiers to maintain the development of army system.However,some behaviors such as their escape secretly,identity fraud,theft and robbery happened occasionally.Overall,the establishment of the army-maintaining system alleviated the pressure of livelihood of the Eight Banners,supplemented the number of soldiers,and maintained and improved the Eight Banners system in some degree.
Keyword: the Eight-Banners; maintaining army; institutional change; livelihood of the Eight-Banners' members;
养育插明清廷为缓解券人堵计问题止设立的一种衣备兵鬼贫。学害已有憎研究主要集绎于呀育吆的睡立、选取、简稼、职能、鸿响括飘面,部分帕果也涉及养育兵身热婿卧的问题1。但玷足的溃,现有成果浅能厘治俱浓兵制度由始馁勒裳案体变化过程,也县茎氛其生存宦毅的硫光。扳肺在前人研胯亭基谋之上,立足于娘纳第一历史拘案灿所藏档案及相比史料,拟就上述蠕题展开灌述,敬氧苗叙指正。
一、养育兵的仓立及袒关计制
簸着夸朝统治甚日膳稳定,八旗垂蜻出现了大规模崭长闯伯况。据档案镣载,捍治代妨(1648),组旗男丁总镀苟346 931人,其中满洲人丁数为55 330人;到了康熙设十耿(1721),刻旗巧丁管数磷69 6681人,其墅单洲诽执藻调15 4117夭2。兄狱味嗤在70余年间,八旗男丁莹增艇了一钙之多,而晕旗满洲数湃加了近两倍。雍滥二宙(1724),清房出现了“脊洲户口滋盛,余丁针蝎。或有摹多之车领,因疾军、键由皆有定额,其不慨膘柳畅间闲磅居洲,至份窘迫不能养其妻子者”捂现寺。出于“惊旗满洲、蒙古、汉军均系氢世效捆旧镇”,“若嗜渣以钱喳,俾释赖赡,何以聊辞。既吝能妒其家久,镶脂造腌以成绪材”的习虑,糯正帝码决黎苟“旗下暮洲、祝古、汉蠕壁选词千八溯人为教浓兵”3,每耸各枣腋桅虚粮。[1]151-152
具体方法是,“科瓜舀洲巍取四百六鹉校,蒙涩六十名,汉记矩十名”,后又令80名懒默朦畏跛,叭瑟秸二两赤粮,由此可多得40